Solving Target Coverage Problem in Wireless Sensor Network Using Genetic Algorithm

The past few years have seen tremendous increase of interest in the field of wireless sensor network. These wireless sensor network comprise numerous small sensor nodes distributed in an area and collect specific data from that area. The nodes comprising a network are mostly battery driven and hence have a limited amount of energy. The target coverage deals with the surveillance of the area under consideration taking into account the energy constraint associated with nodes. In nutshell, the lifetime of the network is to be maximized while ensuring that all the targets are monitored. The approach of segregating the nodes into various covers is used such that each cover can monitor all the targets while other nodes in remaining covers are in sleep state. The covers are scheduled to operate in turn thereby ensuring that the targets are monitored all the time and the lifetime of the network is also maximized. The segregation method is based on Maximum Set Cover (MSC) problem which is transformed into Maximum Disjoint Set Cover problem (MDSC). This problem of finding Maximum Disjoint Set Cover falls under the category of NP-Complete problem. Hence, two heuristics based approach are discussed in this work; first Greedy Heuristic is implemented to be used as baseline. Then a Genetic Algorithm based approach is proposed that can solve this problem by evolutionary global search technique. The existing and proposed algorithms are coded and functionality verified using MATLAB R2010b and performance evaluation and comparisons are made in terms of number of sensors and sensing range

Ferrous Metal Matrix Composites Status Scope and Challenges

The present paper is an effort to culminate the status, scopes and challenges in the development of ferrous metal matrix composites (FMMCs). The FMMCs are old but less in use than the non-ferrous metal matrix composites (NFMMCs), as far as literature and actual applications are concerned. Therefore, this stimulates the exploration of the reasons behind the scarcity of literature and field applications of the FMMCs, which must be investigated scientifically. The powder metallurgy route is the most used process for fabricating iron and steel based FMMCs by reinforcing particulates. At the same time, the in-situ method has been used for the fabrication and cast iron-based FMMCs. The main characteristics being considered during the designing and fabrication of FMMCs are wear resistance and improved specific mechanical properties. To fabricate cheaper and eco-friendly FMMCs, traditionally used costly reinforcements such as SiC, WC, TiC, SiO2, TiO2, TiB2 are required to be replaced by inexpensive industrial wastes like red-mud, fly-ashes and grinding swarf. The data extracted from the web of science exhibited that the FMMCs have been researched less than the NFMMCs. The increasing number of research papers on FMMCs indicates a bright future. FMMCs are going to be a favourite topic among researchers and manufacturers. Higher strengths, wear resistance, dimensional stability at elevated temperatures, and, most importantly, the lower cost will put forward the FMMCs as a stiff competitor of NFMMCs. In developing and mass production of FMMCs for field applications, challenges like oxidation and higher weight still require special research efforts

Analysis of Heat Transfer and Flow Due to Natural Convection in Air Around Heated Triangular Cylinders of Different Sizes Inside a Square Enclosure

AbstractHeat transfer and flow due to natural convection in air around heated equilateral triangular cylinders of different sizes inside a square enclosure has been analyzed. The triangular cylinder is at higher temperature and the vertical walls of the enclosure are at lower temperature with insulated horizontal walls. The computational model is developed using Ansys Fluent 13 commercial CFD package. The Rayleigh number is varied from 104 to 106. For a given size of enclosure, cylinders of different size are taken corresponding to aspect ratios of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5. Results are presented in the form of contours of isotherm and stream function

Evaluation of Geotechnical Properties of Local Clayey Soil Blended with Waste Materials

Nowadays, disposal of waste materials has become a matter of serious concern due to environmental and ecological issues. In this paper, an attempt is made to determine an optimum proportion mix suitable for geotechnical applications by blending the locally available clayey soil with sand, fly ash, tile waste and jute fibers. This optimum mix provides a cheaper construction material and helps in effective utilization of waste materials like fly ash and tile waste; thus solving the problem of disposal of waste materials to some extent. In this research, the percentage of waste materials added to the clayey soil to make the optimum mix is obtained on the basis of compaction characteristics and the optimum mix is further checked for strength and permeability characteristics. The basic idea behind this study is to explore the collective benefit of the material properties of waste materials when used in a composite form. It can be revealed from this study that mixing of waste materials brings out significant improvement in geotechnical properties of locally available clayey soil. From economic analysis, it can be concluded that the optimum mix obtained in this study yields an improved and cheaper construction material for the construction of flexible pavement

CONNECTION APPROACHES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF SHOREA ROBUSTA GAERTN. F.: A REVIEW

Shorea robusta is regarded as an important medicine in Ayurveda. S. robusta Gaertn. f. belongs to family Dipterocarpaceae, and traditionally, it is used to treat wounds, ulcers, leprosy, cough, gonorrhea, earache, and headache and many more. The use of different parts of this plant such as leaves, resin, and bark as a medicament for the treatment of various conditions is well documented in literature. It is the rich source of flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, phenols, etc. mainly triterpenoids, which play the prominent role for their therapeutic potential in the drug. These compounds are believed to be responsible for the pharmacological activities of plant extract. The present review clarified the main active ingredients and pharmacological effects of S. robusta as a promising plant as a result of effectiveness and safety. Further studies should be carried out this plant to discover the unrevealed part of it which may serve for the welfare of humankind

Web Structure Mining: Exploring Hyperlinks and Algorithms for Information Retrieval

This paper focus on the Hyperlink analysis, the algorithms used for link analysis, compare those algorithms and the role of hyperlink analysis in Web searching. In the hyperlink analysis, the number of incoming links to a page and the number of outgoing links from that page will be analyzed and the reliability of the linking will be analyzed. Authorities and Hubs concept of Web pages will be explored. The different algorithms used for Link analysis like PageRank, HITS (Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search) and other algorithms will be discussed and compared. The formula used by those algorithms will be explored

Effect of different levels of citric acid on quality and storage stability of sugar and jaggery based papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit bar

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different level of citric acid and packaging material on physico chemical quality, sensory quality and shelf life of developed papaya fruit bar .The study revealed that the moisture content (19.06% to 16.95% in PET jars – 19.06% to 17.06% in glass jars), TSS (64.17 to 69.30°Brix in PETjars and 64.17 to 69.46°Brix in glass jars), Vitamin- C (55.30 to 45.80 mg/100mg in PET jars and 55.30 to 46.75 mg/100mg in glass jars) and total plate count decreased with increasing the level of citric acid from 0.5 to 1.0% after 90 days of storage in. During storage there was a reduction in moisture content, pH and vitamin-C, where as TSS (total soluble solids), optical density and total plate count increased during storage. No microbial detection in developed fresh fruit bar was found. The organoleptic score of the bar samples in glass jars at 0.75% citric acid level was found to be higher followed by samples packed in PET jars and the developed fruit bar was well acceptable even after 90 days of storage. The result indicated that sugar50+jaggery50 at 0.75 percent citric acid level gave better products after 90 days of storage followed by sugar50+jaggery50 at 0.5 percent and sugar50+jaggery50 at 1.0 percent

Modelling and simulation on behaviours of mild steel

The objective of the paper is to simulate the behaviours of mild steel at different strain rates (1-1500s-1) under tension and compression by using finite element analysis code in ANSYS. Numerical simulation are done using Cowper-Symonds (C-S) and Johnson-Cook (J-C) material models to represent the flow stresses of mild steel. The simulated results have good agreement with the predicted results of the above material models

Thermal analysis of various duct cross sections using altair hyperworks software

In this work thermal analysis and comparison of various duct cross sections is done computationally using Altair Hyperworks Software. Simple Analytical results were obtained for conduction and convection through the ducts which can be used to build up thermal circuit. The inner surface of all ducts is maintained at constant temperature and ambient air is at certain temperature that is less than inner surface temperature of pipe. Due to temperature difference heat will flow from higher temperature to lower temperature. Due to temperature difference heat will flow from higher temperature to lower temperature. The material of pipe provides conductive resistance and air provides convective resistance. Hence this is a mix mode of heat transfer. The heat transfer takes place in one dimension only and properties are considered to be isotropic. The ducts are assumed to be made of aluminium having known thermal conductivity and density. The surroundings of ducts have known convective heat transfer coefficient and temperature. The results are obtained on hyperview which are for heat flux, temperature gradient and grid temperature. The different characteristics can be obtained by varying the material of the ducts. Keywords: Ducts, Altair Hyperwork